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Bertrand Russell Net Worth
How rich is Bertrand Russell? For this question we spent 17 hours on research (Wikipedia, Youtube, we read books in libraries, etc) to review the post.
The main source of income: Actors
Total Net Worth at the moment 2024 year – is about $231,8 Million.
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Biography
Bertrand Russell information Birth date: May 18, 1872 Death date: 1970-02-02 Birth place: Ravenscroft, Trelleck, Monmouthshire, Wales, UK Profession:Actor Nationality:British
Height, Weight:
How tall is Bertrand Russell – 1,72m.
How much weight is Bertrand Russell – 64kg
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Biography,Early life and backgroundRussell as a four year-oldChildhood home, Pembroke LodgeBertrand Russell was born on 18 May 1872 at Ravenscroft, Trellech, Monmouthshire, into an influential and liberal family of the British aristocracy.[71] His parents, Viscount and Viscountess Amberley, were radical for their times. Lord Amberley consented to his wifes affair with their childrens tutor, the biologist Douglas Spalding. Both were early advocates of birth control at a time when this was considered scandalous.[72] Lord Amberley was an atheist and his atheism was evident when he asked the philosopher John Stuart Mill to act as Russells secular godfather.[73] Mill died the year after Russells birth, but his writings had a great effect on Russells life.His paternal grandfather, the Earl Russell, had been asked twice by Queen Victoria to form a government, serving her as Prime Minister in the 1840s and 1860s.[74] The Russells had been prominent in England for several centuries before this, coming to power and the peerage with the rise of the Tudor dynasty (see: Duke of Bedford). They established themselves as one of the leading British Whig families, and participated in every great political event from the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536–40 to the Glorious Revolution in 1688–89 and the Great Reform Act in 1832.[74][75]Lady Amberley was the daughter of Lord and Lady Stanley of Alderley.[68] Russell often feared the ridicule of his maternal grandmother,[76] one of the campaigners for education of women.[77]Childhood and adolescenceRussell had two siblings: brother Frank (nearly seven years older than Bertrand), and sister Rachel (four years older). In June 1874 Russells mother died of diphtheria, followed shortly by Rachels death. In January 1876, his father died of bronchitis following a long period of depression. Frank and Bertrand were placed in the care of their staunchly Victorian paternal grandparents, who lived at Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park. His grandfather, former Prime Minister Earl Russell, died in 1878, and was remembered by Russell as a kindly old man in a wheelchair. His grandmother, the Countess Russell (nee Lady Frances Elliot), was the dominant family figure for the rest of Russells childhood and youth.[68][72]The countess was from a Scottish Presbyterian family, and successfully petitioned the Court of Chancery to set aside a provision in Amberleys will requiring the children to be raised as agnostics. Despite her religious conservatism, she held progressive views in other areas (accepting Darwinism and supporting Irish Home Rule), and her influence on Bertrand Russells outlook on social justice and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life. (One could challenge the view that Bertrand stood up for his principles, based on his own well-known quotation: I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong.) Her favourite Bible verse, Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil (Exodus 23:2), became his motto. The atmosphere at Pembroke Lodge was one of frequent prayer, emotional repression, and formality, Frank reacted to this with open rebellion, but the young Bertrand learned to hide his feelings.Russells adolescence was very lonely, and he often contemplated suicide. He remarked in his autoBiography, that his keenest interests were in religion and mathematics, and that only his wish to know more mathematics kept him from suicide.[78] He was educated at home by a series of tutors.[79] When Russell was eleven years old, his brother Frank introduced him to the work of Euclid, which transformed his life.[72][80]During these formative years he also discovered the works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. In his autoBiography, , he writes: I spent all my spare time reading him, and learning him by heart, knowing no one to whom I could speak of what I thought or felt, I used to reflect how wonderful it would have been to know Shelley, and to wonder whether I should meet any live human being with whom I should feel so much sympathy.[81] Russell claimed that beginning at age 15, he spent considerable time thinking about the validity of Christian religious dogma, which he found very unconvincing.[82] At this age, he came to the conclusion that there is no free will and, two years later, that there is no life after death. Finally, at the age of 18, after reading Mills AutoBiography, , he abandoned the First Cause argument and became an atheist.[83][84]University and first marriageRussell won a scholarship to read for the Mathematical Tripos at Trinity College, Cambridge, and commenced his studies there in 1890,[85] taking as coach Robert Rumsey Webb. He became acquainted with the younger George Edward Moore and came under the influence of Alfred North Whitehead, who recommended him to the Cambridge Apostles. He quickly distinguished himself in mathematics and philosophy, graduating as seventh Wrangler in the former in 1893 and becoming a Fellow in the latter in 1895.[86][87]Russell first met the American Quaker Alys Pearsall Smith when he was 17 years old. He became a friend of the Pearsall Smith family—they knew him primarily as Lord Johns grandson and enjoyed showing him off—and travelled with them to the continent, it was in their company that Russell visited the Paris Exhibition of 1889 and was able to climb the Eiffel Tower soon after it was completed.[88]He soon fell in love with the puritanical, high-minded Alys, who was a graduate of Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, and, contrary to his grandmothers wishes, married her on 13 December 1894. Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell, while he was cycling, that he no longer loved her.[89] She asked him if he loved her and he replied that he did not. Russell also disliked Alyss mother, finding her controlling and cruel. It was to be a hollow shell of a marriage and they finally divorced in 1921, after a lengthy period of separation.[90] During this period, Russell had passionate (and often simultaneous) affairs with a number of women, including Lady Ottoline Morrell[91] and the actress Lady Constance Malleson.[92] Some have suggested that at this point he had an affair with Vivienne Haigh-Wood, the English governess and writer, and first wife of T. S. Eliot.[93]Early careerRussell in 1907Russell began his published work in 1896 with German Social Democracy, a study in politics that was an early indication of a lifelong interest in political and social theory. In 1896 he taught German social democracy at the London School of Economics.[94] He was a member of the Coefficients dining club of social reformers set up in 1902 by the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb.[95]He now started an intensive study of the foundations of mathematics at Trinity. In 1898 he wrote An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry which discussed the Cayley–Klein metrics used for non-Euclidean geometry.[96] He attended the International Congress of Philosophy in Paris in 1900 where he met Giuseppe Peano and Alessandro Padoa. The Italians had responded to Georg Cantor, making a science of set theory, they gave Russell their literature including the Formulario mathematico. Russell was impressed by the precision of Peanos arguments at the Congress, read the literature upon returning to England, and came upon Russells paradox. In 1903 he published The Principles of Mathematics, a work on foundations of mathematics. It advanced a thesis of logicism, that mathematics and logic are one and the same.[97]At the age of 29, in February 1901, Russell underwent what he called a sort of mystic illumination, after witnessing Whiteheads wifes acute suffering in an angina attack. I found myself filled with semi-mystical feelings about beauty… and with a desire almost as profound as that of the Buddha to find some philosophy which should make human life endurable, Russell would later recall. At the end of those five minutes, I had become a completely different person.[98]In 1905 he wrote the essay On Denoting, which was published in the philosophical journal Mind. Russell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1908.[57][68] The three-volume Principia Mathematica, written with Whitehead, was published between 1910 and 1913. This, along with the earlier The Principles of Mathematics, soon made Russell world-famous in his field.In 1910 he became a lecturer in the University of Cambridge, where he was approached by the Austrian engineering student Ludwig Wittgenstein, who became his PhD student. Russell viewed Wittgenstein as a genius and a successor who would continue his work on logic. He spent hours dealing with Wittgensteins various phobias and his frequent bouts of despair. This was often a drain on Russells energy, but Russell continued to be fascinated by him and encouraged his academic development, including the publication of Wittgensteins Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus in 1922.[99] Russell delivered his lectures on Logical Atomism, his version of these ideas, in 1918, before the end of the First World War. Wittgenstein was, at that time, serving in the Austrian Army and subsequently spent nine months in an Italian prisoner of war camp at the end of the conflict.First World WarDuring the First World War, Russell was one of the few people to engage in active pacifist activities and in 1916, he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914.[100] Russell played a significant part in the Leeds Convention in June 1917, a historic event which saw well over a thousand anti-war socialists gather, many being delegates from the Independent Labour Party and the Socialist Party, united in their pacifist beliefs and advocating a peace settlement.[101] The international press reported that Russell appeared with a number of Labour MPs, including Ramsay MacDonald and Philip Snowden, as well as former Liberal MP and anti-conscription campaigner, Professor Arnold Lupton. After the event, Russell told Lady Ottoline Morrell that, to my surprise, when I got up to speak, I was given the greatest ovation that was possible to give anybody.[102][103]The Trinity incident resulted in Russell being fined ?100, which he refused to pay in hopes that he would be sent to prison, but his books were sold at auction to raise the money. The books were bought by friends, he later treasured his copy of the King James Bible that was stamped Confiscated by Cambridge Police.A later conviction for publicly lecturing against inviting the US to enter the war on the United Kingdoms side resulted in six months imprisonment in Brixton prison (see Bertrand Russells views on society) in 1918.[104] While in prison, Russell read enormously and wrote the book Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.I found prison in many ways quite agreeable. I had no engagements, no difficult decisions to make, no fear of callers, no interruptions to my work. I read enormously, I wrote a book, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy… and began the work for Analysis of Mind—?The AutoBiography, of Bertrand Russell[105]Russell was reinstated in 1919, resigned in 1920, was Tarner Lecturer 1926 and became a Fellow again in 1944 until 1949.[106]In 1924, Bertrand again gained press attention when attending a banquet in the House of Commons with well-known campaigners, including Arnold Lupton, who had been a Member of Parliament and had also endured imprisonment for passive resistance to military or naval service.[107]G. H. Hardy on the Trinity Controversy and Russells personal lifeIn 1941, G. H. Hardy wrote a 61-page pamphlet titled Bertrand Russell and Trinity—published later as a book by Cambridge University Press with a foreword by C. D. Broad—in which he gave an authoritative account about Russells 1916 dismissal from Trinity College, explaining that a reconciliation between the college and Russell had later taken place and gave details about Russells personal life. Hardy writes that Russells dismissal had created a scandal since the vast majority of the Fellows of the College opposed the decision. The ensuing pressure from the Fellows induced the Council to reinstate Russell. In January 1920, it was announced that Russell had accepted the reinstatement offer from Trinity and would begin lecturing from October. In July 1920, Russell applied for a one year leave of absence, this was approved. He spent the year giving lectures in China and Japan. In January 1921, it was announced by Trinity that Russell had resigned and his resignation had been accepted. This resignation, Hardy explains, was completely voluntary and was not the result of another altercation.The reason for the resignation, according to Hardy, was that Russell was going through a tumultuous time in his personal life with a divorce and subsequent remarriage. Russell contemplated asking Trinity for another one-year leave of absence but decided against it, since this would have been an unusual application and the situation had the potential to snowball into another controversy. Although Russell did the right thing, in Hardys opinion, the reputation of the College suffered due to Russells resignation since the world of learning knew about Russells altercation with Trinity but not that the rift had healed. In 1925, Russell was asked by the Council of Trinity College to give the Tarner Lectures on the Philosophy of the Sciences, these would later be the basis for one of Russells best received books according to Hardy: The Analysis of Matter, published in 1927.[108] In the preface to this pamphlet, Hardy wrote:I wish to make it plain that Russell himself is not responsible, directly or indirectly, for the writing of the pamphlet…I wrote it without his knowledge and, when I sent him the typescript and asked for his permission to print it, I suggested that, unless it contained misstatement of fact, he should make no comment on it. He agreed to this…no word has been changed as the result of any suggestion from him.Between the warsRussell in 1938In August 1920, Russell traveled to Russia as part of an official delegation sent by the British government to investigate the effects of the Russian Revolution.[109] He wrote a four-part series of articles, titled Soviet Russia—1920, for the US magazine The Nation.[110][111] He met Vladimir Lenin and had an hour-long conversation with him. In his autoBiography, , he mentions that he found Lenin disappointing, sensing an impish cruelty in him and comparing him to an opinionated professor. He cruised down the Volga on a steamship. His experiences destroyed his previous tentative support for the revolution. He wrote a book The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism[112] about his experiences on this trip, taken with a group of 24 others from the UK, all of whom came home thinking well of the regime, despite Russells attempts to change their minds. For example, he told them that he heard shots fired in the middle of the night and was sure these were clandestine executions, but the others maintained that it was only cars backfiring.[citation needed]Russell with his children, John and KateRussells lover Dora Black, a British author, feminist and socialist campaigner, visited Russia independently at the same time, in contrast to his reaction, she was enthusiastic about the revolution.[112]The following autumn Russell, accompanied by Dora, visited Peking (as it was then known in the West) to lecture on philosophy for a year.[79] He went with optimism and hope, seeing China as then being on a new path.[113] Other scholars present in China at the time included John Dewey[114] and Rabindranath Tagore, the Indian Nobel-laureate poet.[79] Before leaving China, Russell became gravely ill with pneumonia, and incorrect reports of his death were published in the Japanese press.[114] When the couple visited Japan on their return journey, Dora took on the role of spurning the local press by handing out notices reading Mr. Bertrand Russell, having died according to the Japanese press, is unable to give interviews to Japanese journalists.[115][116] Apparently they found this harsh and reacted resentfully.[citation needed]Dora was six months pregnant when the couple returned to England on 26 August 1921. Russell arranged a hasty divorce from Alys, marrying Dora six days after the divorce was finalised, on 27 September 1921. Their children were John Conrad Russell, 4th Earl Russell, born on 16 November 1921, and Katharine Jane Russell (now Lady Katharine Tait), born on 29 December 1923. Russell supported his family during this time by writing popular books explaining matters of physics, ethics, and education to the layman.From 1922 to 1927 the Russells divided their time between London and Cornwall, spending summers in Porthcurno.[117] In the 1922 and 1923 general elections Russell stood as a Labour Party candidate in the Chelsea constituency, but only on the basis that he knew he was extremely unlikely to be elected in such a safe Conservative seat, and he was not on either occasion.Together with Dora, Russell founded the experimental Beacon Hill School in 1927. The school was run from a succession of different locations, including its original premises at the Russells residence, Telegraph House, near Harting, West Sussex. On 8 July 1930 Dora gave birth to her third child Harriet Ruth. After he left the school in 1932, Dora continued it until 1943.[118][119]On a tour through the USA in 1927 Russell met Barry Fox (later Barry Stevens) who became a well-known Gestalt therapist and writer in later years.[120] Russell and Fox developed an intensive relationship. In Foxs words: … for three years we were very close.[121] Fox sent her daughter Judith to Beacon Hill School for some time.[122] From 1927 to 1932 Russell wrote 34 letters to Fox.[123]Upon the death of his elder brother Frank, in 1931, Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell.Russells marriage to Dora grew increasingly tenuous, and it reached a breaking point over her having two children with an American journalist, Griffin Barry.[119] They separated in 1932 and finally divorced. On 18 January 1936, Russell married his third wife, an Oxford undergraduate named Patricia (Peter) Spence, who had been his childrens governess since 1930. Russell and Peter had one son, Conrad Sebastian Robert Russell, 5th Earl Russell, who became a prominent historian and one of the leading figures in the Liberal Democratic party.[68]Russell returned to the London School of Economics to lecture on the science of power in 1937.[94]During the 1930s, Russell became a close friend and collaborator of V. K. Krishna Menon, then secretary of the India League, the foremost lobby in the United Kingdom for Indian self-rule.[vague]Second World WarRussell opposed rearmament against Nazi Germany. In 1937 he wrote in a personal letter: If the Germans succeed in sending an invading army to England we should do best to treat them as visitors, give them quarters and invite the commander and chief to dine with the prime minister.[124] In 1940, he changed his view that avoiding a full-scale world war was more important than defeating Hitler. He concluded that Adolf Hitler taking over all of Europe would be a permanent threat to democracy. In 1943, he adopted a stance toward large-scale warfare:War was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be the lesser of two evils.[125][126]Before World War II, Russell taught at the University of Chicago, later moving on to Los Angeles to lecture at the UCLA Department of Philosophy. He was appointed professor at the City College of New York (CCNY) in 1940, but after a public outcry the appointment was annulled by a court judgment that pronounced him morally unfit to teach at the college due to his opinions—notably those relating to sexual morality, detailed in Marriage and Morals (1929). The protest was started by the mother of a student who would not have been eligible for his graduate-level course in mathematical logic, many intellectuals, led by John Dewey, protested at his treatment.[127] Albert Einsteins oft-quoted aphorism that great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds originated in his open letter, dated 19 March 1940, to Morris Raphael Cohen, a professor emeritus at CCNY, supporting Russells appointment.[128] Dewey and Horace M. Kallen edited a collection of articles on the CCNY affair in The Bertrand Russell Case. He soon joined the Barnes Foundation, lecturing to a varied audience on the history of philosophy, these lectures formed the basis of A History of Western Philosophy. His relationship with the eccentric Albert C. Barnes soon soured, and he returned to the UK in 1944 to rejoin the faculty of Trinity College.[129]Later lifeRussell participated in many broadcasts over the BBC, particularly The Brains Trust and the Third Programme, on various topical and philosophical subjects. By this time Russell was world-famous outside academic circles, frequently the subject or author of magazine and newspaper articles, and was called upon to offer opinions on a wide variety of subjects, even mundane ones. En route to one of his lectures in Trondheim, Russell was one of 24 survivors (among a total of 43 passengers) of an aeroplane crash in Hommelvik in October 1948. He said he owed his life to smoking since the people who drowned were in the non-smoking part of the plane.[130][131] A History of Western Philosophy (1945) became a best-seller and provided Russell with a steady income for the remainder of his life.In 1942 Russell argued in favour of a moderate socialism, capable of overcoming its metaphysical principles, in an inquiry on Dialectical Materialism, launched by the Austrian artist and philosopher Wolfgang Paalen in his journal DYN, saying, I think the metaphysics of both Hegel and Marx plain nonsense – Marxs claim to be science is no more justified than Mary Baker Eddys. This does not mean that I am opposed to socialism.[132] In 1943, Russell expressed support for Zionism: I have come gradually to see that, in a dangerous and largely hostile world, it is essential to Jews to have some country which is theirs, some region where they are not suspected aliens, some state which embodies what is distinctive in their culture.[133]In a speech in 1948, Russell said that if the USSRs aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the Wests victory would come more swiftly and with fewer casualties than if there were atom bombs on both sides.[134][135] At that time, only the United States possessed an atomic bomb, and the USSR was pursuing an extremely aggressive policy towards the countries in Eastern Europe which were being absorbed into the Soviet Unions sphere of influence. Many understood Russells comments to mean that Russell approved of a first strike in a war with the USSR, including Nigel Lawson, who was present when Russell spoke of such matters. Others, including Griffin, who obtained a transcript of the speech, have argued that he was merely explaining the usefulness of Americas atomic arsenal in deterring the USSR from continuing its domination of Eastern Europe.[130] However, just after the atomic bombs exploded over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Russell wrote letters, and published articles in newspapers from 1945 to 1948, stating clearly that it was morally justified and better to go to war against the USSR using atomic bombs while the USA possessed them and before the USSR did. After the USSR carried out its nuclear bomb tests, Russell changed his position and advocated for the total abolition of atomic weapons.[136]In 1948, Russell was invited by the BBC to deliver the inaugural Reith Lectures[137]—what was to become an annual series of lectures, still broadcast by the BBC. His series of six broadcasts, titled Authority and the Individual,[138] explored themes such as the role of individual initiative in the development of a community and the role of state control in a progressive society. Russell continued to write about philosophy. He wrote a foreword to Words and Things by Ernest Gellner, which was highly critical of the later thought of Ludwig Wittgenstein and of ordinary language philosophy. Gilbert Ryle refused to have the book reviewed in the philosophical journal Mind, which caused Russell to respond via The Times. The result was a month-long correspondence in The Times between the supporters and detractors of ordinary language philosophy, which was only ended when the paper published an editorial critical of both sides but agreeing with the opponents of ordinary language philosophy.[139]In the Kings Birthday Honours of 9 June 1949, Russell was awarded the Order of Merit,[140] and the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.[68][79] When he was given the Order of Merit, George VI was affable but slightly embarrassed at decorating a former jailbird, saying, You have sometimes behaved in a manner that would not do if generally adopted.[141] Russell merely smiled, but afterwards claimed that the reply Thats right, just like your brother immediately came to mind. In 1952 Russell was divorced by Spence, with whom he had been very unhappy. Conrad, Russells son by Spence, did not see his father between the time of the divorce and 1968 (at which time his decision to meet his father caused a permanent breach with his mother).Russell married his fourth wife, Edith Finch, soon after the divorce, on 15 December 1952. They had known each other since 1925, and Edith had taught English at Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia, sharing a house for 20 years with Russells old friend Lucy Donnelly. Edith remained with him until his death, and, by all accounts, their marriage was a happy, close, and loving one. Russells eldest son John suffered from serious mental illness, which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and his former wife Dora.In September 1961, at the age of 89, Russell was jailed for seven days in Brixton Prison for breach of peace after taking part in an anti-nuclear demonstration in London. The magistrate offered to exempt him from jail if he pledged himself to good behaviour, to which Russell replied: No, I wont.[142][143]In 1962 Russell played a public role in the Cuban Missile Crisis: in an exchange of telegrams with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev assured him that the Soviet government would not be reckless.[144] Russell sent this telegram to President Kennedy:YOUR ACTION DESPERATE. THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL. NO CONCEIVABLE JUSTIFICATION. CIVILIZED MAN CONDEMNS IT. WE WILL NOT HAVE MASS MURDER. ULTIMATUM MEANS WAR… END THIS MADNESS.[145]According to historian Peter Knight, after JFKs assassination, Russell, prompted by the emerging work of the lawyer Mark Lane in the US … rallied support from other noteworthy and left-leaning compatriots to form a Who Killed Kennedy Committee in June 1964, members of which included Michael Foot MP, Caroline Benn, the publisher Victor Gollancz, the writers John Arden and J. B. Priestley, and the Oxford history professor Hugh Trevor-Roper. Russell published a highly critical article weeks before the Warren Commission Report was published, setting forth 16 Questions on the Assassination and equating the Oswald case with the Dreyfus affair of late 19th-century France, in which the state wrongly convicted an innocent man. Russell also criticised the American press for failing to heed any voices critical of the official version.[146]Political causesRussell (centre) alongside his wife Edith, leading a CND anti-nuclear march in London, 18 February 1961Russell spent the 1950s and 1960s engaged in political causes primarily related to nuclear disarmament and opposing the Vietnam War. The 1955 Russell–Einstein Manifesto was a document calling for nuclear disarmament and was signed by eleven of the most prominent nuclear physicists and intellectuals of the time.[147] In 1966–67, Russell worked with Jean-Paul Sartre and many other intellectual figures to form the Russell Vietnam War Crimes Tribunal to investigate the conduct of the United States in Vietnam. He wrote a great many letters to world leaders during this period.In 1956, immediately before and during the Suez Crisis, Russell expressed his opposition to what he viewed as European imperialism in the Middle East. He viewed the crisis as another reminder of what he saw as a pressing need for a more effective mechanism for international governance, and to restrict national sovereignty to places such as the Suez Canal area where general interest is involved. At the same time the Suez Crisis was taking place, the world was also captivated by the Hungarian Revolution and the subsequent crushing of the revolt by intervening Soviet forces. Russell attracted criticism for speaking out fervently against the Suez war while ignoring Soviet repression in Hungary, to which he responded that he did not criticise the Soviets because there was no need. Most of the so-called Western World was fulminating. Although he later feigned a lack of concern, at the time he was disgusted by the brutal Soviet response, and on 16 November 1956, he expressed approval for a declaration of support for Hungarian scholars which Michael Polanyi had cabled to the Soviet embassy in London twelve days previously, shortly after Soviet troops had already entered Budapest.[148]In November 1957 Russell wrote an article addressing US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, urging a summit to consider the conditions of co-existence. Khrushchev responded that peace could indeed be served by such a meeting. In January 1958 Russell elaborated his views in The Observer, proposing a cessation of all nuclear-weapons production, with the UK taking the first step by unilaterally suspending its own nuclear-weapons program if necessary, and with Germany freed from all alien armed forces and pledged to neutrality in any conflict between East and West. US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles replied for Eisenhower. The exchange of letters was published as The Vital Letters of Russell, Khrushchev, and Dulles.[149]Russell was asked by The New Republic, a liberal American magazine, to elaborate his views on world peace. He suggested that all nuclear-weapons testing and constant flights by planes armed with nuclear weapons be halted immediately, and negotiations be opened for the destruction of all hydrogen bombs, with the number of conventional nuclear devices limited to ensure a balance of power. He proposed that Germany be reunified and accept the Oder-Neisse line as its border, and that a neutral zone be established in Central Europe, consisting at the minimum of Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, with each of these countries being free of foreign troops and influence, and prohibited from forming alliances with countries outside the zone. In the Middle East, Russell suggested that the West avoid opposing Arab nationalism, and proposed the creation of a United Nations peacekeeping force to guard Israels frontiers to ensure that Israel was protected from aggression and prevented from committing it. He also suggested Western recognition of the Peoples Republic of China, and that it be admitted to the UN with a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.[149]He was in contact with Lionel Rogosin while the latter was filming his anti-war film Good Times, Wonderful Times in the 1960s. He became a hero to many of the youthful members of the New Left. In early 1963, in particular, Russell became increasingly vocal in his disapproval of the Vietnam War, and felt that the US governments policies there were near-genocidal. In 1963 he became the inaugural recipient of the Jerusalem Prize, an award for writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society.[150] In 1964 he was one of eleven world figures who issued an appeal to Israel and the Arab countries to accept an arms embargo and international supervision of nuclear plants and rocket weaponry.[151] In October 1965 he tore up his Labour Party card because he suspected Harold Wilsons Labour government was going to send troops to support the United States in Vietnam.[68]Final years and deathIn June 1955 Russell had leased Plas Penrhyn in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, Wales and on 5 July of the following year it became his and Ediths principal residence.[152]Bust of Russell in Red Lion SquareRussell published his t
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Wikipedia Source: Bertrand Russell